The change or adaptation of policies to reflect the values, norms and interests of society is an essential process in our continually evolving world. Policy change is complex and requires patience, sensitivity, and hard work if it is to be successful. It is also critical that the process is well-planned to ensure that efforts are aligned with and supportive of the local context.
The factors that drive policy changes are diverse, and theories on the topic have developed into three key categories or explanatory variables: institutions (processes, context); interests (actors, power); and ideas (content, evidence, values). These are often referred to as the ‘3I’s.
Institutions – or the ‘rules of the game’ that shape policy outcomes – play a crucial role in determining when policies may be changed. Actors’ interests and behaviours – as well as their capabilities and motivation – determine whether they are able to influence policy outcomes or are constrained by institutional rules.
Changing a policy is often easier when it becomes clear that the current approach doesn’t seem to be working. For example, when it becomes apparent that increasing enforcement and punishment of a drug problem is not effective, a community may be willing to try something new.
Policy changes are most likely to be successful when they are driven by broad-based coalitions of organizations that are willing to spend time and resources on advocacy. These include organisations that are working with the issue, such as community-based health and welfare initiatives; professional groups with a strong interest in the topic; and individuals who are determined to make a difference.